Clinical8

Amy-Leigh Shepherd, ParaSoc Chair, shares her insights into a HEMS Simulation Day

Student Paramedic Societies, or ‘ParaSocs’, have a vitally important role in helping to build the confidence and competence of future paramedics. On the 2nd of October 2021, our Paramedic Society (ParaSoc) at Plymouth University co-hosted a simulation training day with Devon Air Ambulance Trust (DAAT). This event had 29 student members attend, working alongside five Critical Care Paramedics, six live actors and a makeup artist to help make the event as realistic as possible.

Before the event, a pre-reading list was available to members, allowing them to familiarise themselves with current guidelines to help maximise learning on the day. The ParaSoc team worked heavily with Joshua Barker from DAAT to create the following scenarios:

• Post-ROSC following ALS
• Crush Injury Trauma
• Major Trauma
• Paediatric Life-threatening Asthma
• Traumatic Brain Injury with a Pre-Hospital Emergency Anaesthesia Demonstration

Creating realism within the five scenarios allowed us to challenge our student members, encourage shared decision-making, and highlight the importance of good communication and teamwork within a high-pressured environment. Bringing the simulation to life involved a special effects makeup artist creating realistic injuries such as an open femur fracture and packable wounds using silicone prosthetics.

Additionally, makeup created an impression of diaphoresis, cyanosis, and bruising.

The actors were volunteer first year paramedic students who were briefed on how to act surrounding their presenting complaint and when to deteriorate or improve based on clinical interventions. It provided beneficial insight into the profession for the first years and enhanced the authenticity of the simulation for our ParaSoc members.

Clothes were donated for each scenario to encourage students to remove patients’ clothing as they would during traumatic incidents in front-line placements. ParaSoc supplied the volunteers with red clothing to wear underneath their outfits to simulate “skin level”. All participants were instructed to stop cutting clothes when they saw the red undergarments. By physically performing the task, our members felt more comfortable removing clothing in practice and searching for injuries that may be hidden by clothing. Feedback after the event highlighted that this was a beneficial aspect of the day because students felt removing clothing is often overlooked during simulation with a mannequin but is a necessity when conducting a thorough head to toe assessment in the pre-hospital environment.

The five groups rotated through the stations throughout the day, spending 40 minutes in simulation followed by a 20 minute debrief session. Spending an hour on each station allowed our members to embrace the simulation and practice interventions in real-time. An example of this is when administering medication; students used the plastic catheter of the cannula (with the needle disposed of) and attached it to the patient’s skin with a Tegaderm. They would then break open and draw up a placebo medication, often a glass ampoule containing water, or sweetener in a bottle for hydrocortisone. Administering the medication correctly instead of mimicking the procedure added to the realism as we all know how time-consuming and fiddly that can be in a crowded and loud environment!

Each scenario had a different approach to creating a challenging environment to emphasise the importance of good communication in a time-critical situation. The crush injury trauma was based in a dark man-made cave, where the patient had been trapped by a boulder made of cardboard and expanding foam. Each group had split themselves up to form two crews, and each responding group had one torch. Furthermore, a speaker played loud white noise to mimic the sound of the fire service stabilising the rock face, highlighting the importance of good communication and teamwork within a difficult working location. Establishing good holistic care became important in the paediatric life-threatening asthma scenario where students had to manage a frightful mother and a deteriorating patient. All these scenarios were gratefully received by all who attended, who stated it was a challenging but fantastic learning day.

Upon reflection, while the many benefits of this event outweigh the challenges we faced on the day, it is worthy to note that we would reduce the number of scenarios to help prevent fatigue for future events. Nevertheless, the length of each simulation felt realistic to front line placement and the 20 minute debrief afterwards was essential to solidifying learning and clarifying any questions. Our HEMS collaboration day has highlighted how we can get innovative with our ParaSoc CPD events to create a fun learning environment for our fellow students, to help increase their confidence through simulation. We hope that by sharing our experiences of running this event, we can inspire other ParaSocs to create and share their own!

This event would not have been possible without the help of the following people, so a massive thank you again:

• DAAT Critical Care Paramedics (Joshua Barker, Lee Hilton, Glenn Birtwistle, Neil Spencer and Mark Hawley)
• ParaSoc Committee (Nathan Evans; Paul Cook and Cara Clemow)
• Special Effects Makeup Artist (Poppy Shepheard)
• Live Actors + NQP (Shannon Murphy; Sophie Wills; Steve Griffiths; Katy Hope; Emily Carey; Adele Hontoir and Ashley Bowers)

Read the article in the context of the College of paramedics publication

Largest analysis of trapped patients injured in motor vehicle collisions reveals important differences in relation to age and gender, as well as higher mortality rates

A series of studies conducted by consultants at University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust have revealed that not only are patients who become trapped when involved in a car accident more likely to die, but that there are also significant differences in injuries sustained according to age and sex.

Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are the second most common cause of major trauma in the UK. Worldwide, they are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for 1.35 million deaths per annum. Patients who remain within their vehicle following an incident and cannot leave without assistance are considered to be ‘trapped’.

Devon Air Ambulance’ Tim Nutbeam reports

Professor Tim Nutbeam, Emergency Medicine Consultant, has authored a series of papers in collaboration with colleagues across a number of organisations*, on studies utilising the Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database, thanks to funding received by the Road Safety Trust. These studies are the largest analysis to-date of trapped patients injured in MVCs, which has allowed comparison of injury severity, injury type and outcomes for patients, stratified by age and gender. The studies have also allowed, for the first time, the identification and comparison of differences between men and women in terms of injury patterns and the likelihood of becoming trapped after a collision.

According to the results of the first paper, patients who are trapped after a MVC have a higher severity of injuries and are more likely to die than those who are not trapped. Of the 63,625 cases studied, nearly 11% of patients were trapped in their vehicles after an accident. Trapped patients often had significant blood loss and were more likely to have time-critical injuries. However, spinal cord injuries proved to be rare, only affecting 0.7% of all extrications.

For years, the approach to handling patients following a MVC has been the principle of movement minimisation and mitigation, to prevent secondary spinal injury,” explains Tim, who is also an Honorary Professor at the University of Plymouth and lead doctor with the Devon Air Ambulance. “But this method is time-consuming, and patients may have time-critical injuries. When considering the frequency, type and severity of injuries reported here, the benefit of movement minimisation may be outweighed by the additional time taken for extrication. In other words, it could prove to be harmful for the other 99.3% of patients, who do not have a spinal injury, to spend unnecessary time trapped in their car.

The second paper published by Tim and his colleagues demonstrates that older patients are more likely to become trapped in their cars, and in particular, those aged over 80 are more likely to die if trapped. Although chest and spinal injuries are more common in older patients (with head, abdominal and limb injuries more common in younger patients), the overall rate of spinal injuries for all age groups remains low, providing evidence that minimising entrapment time could help to reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes.

Why women are more frequently trapped

In the final paper of this initial series, the results show that although men are more likely to be involved in serious crashes and admitted to hospital, women were more frequently trapped in their cars (16% of women vs 9% of men). Potential reasons for this include that women are more likely to sit closer to the steering wheel, increasing the likelihood of becoming trapped. Female patients are also biologically prone to certain types of injury – for instance, women have different pelvic anatomy which may make them more susceptible to pelvic injuries, which may trap them in their vehicles.

The paper also makes the case that the safety features incorporated in modern cars are less likely to be effective for women. Current mandatory crash testing uses a scaled down male mannequin to represent females and are not modelled to account for anthropometric differences between men and women. Safety systems are therefore likely to be more effective for men than for women.

We are hopeful that the findings in these papers will strengthen demands for more biologically accurate crash test dummies to investigate impact collisions on women,’ adds Tim. ‘In particular, the sex-disaggregated data may help vehicle manufacturers, road safety organisations and emergency services to tailor responses with the aim of equitable outcomes by targeting equal performance of safety measures and reducing excessive risk to one sex or gender. Most importantly, we hope our work will help to save lives.

Tim and his colleagues will shortly be publishing further research looking into the extrication techniques for people trapped after MVCs. This work has also been funded by the Road Safety Trust, who are dedicated to achieving zero deaths and serious injuries on UK roads.

*Organisations include: Betsi Cadwaladr University, GENDRO, Geneva Graduate Institute, Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cape Town and University of Manchester.